CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
1.1. Problem BackgroundThe continued development of world music in the
world, especially Indonesia to make traditional music or classical music
much forgotten, especially by youth.They prefer modern music of the classical music such as pop, rock,
etc.. Traditional music, especially classical music a lot of
forgotten or even a lot of teenagers today who do not know.Should we as a
nation's next generation still preserve the traditional music culture
so that later we can introduce to the international world of music. Because
traditional music is one of Indonesia's cultural heritage of many
cultures that we have. That in the
future of traditional music culture is not taken and recognized by other
countries as well as the cultures that have been taken and recognized
other countries.Many things we can do to further explore the classical
music audience has attracted attention for so many people know and love
the traditional music which is a precious heritage that should and
should we preserve.1.2. The purpose PapersThe purpose of this paper:A. Development of traditional music today.2.
To study the
traditional music3. To introduce more
traditional music1.3. Benefits of PaperA. To add to the literature for high school students Trawas N
1, in order to learn more about traditional music, especially music
keroncong.2. To know the
history and development of music keroncong.CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION
ISSUE
Origin - The proposalKeroncong come from similar
roots music known as fado Portuguese introduced by sailors and merchant
slave ship that nation since the 16th century to the archipelago. From
mainland India (Goa) was first entered music in the Malacca and then
played by the slaves of the Moluccas. The weakening influence of
the Portuguese in the century - 17 in the archipelago does not
necessarily mean the loss of this music as well. This
early form of music called Moresco (a Spanish dance, Spanish, such as
the rather slow polka rhythm), a song by dimalana Kusbini rearranged now
known by the name of Kr. Muritsku, which accompanied by a stringed
musical instrument. Keroncong music coming from the
monument in Monument keroncong call. During its development, it makes a number
of traditional elements of the archipelago, even down to the Malay
Peninsula. This
golden era continued until sometime in the 1960s, and then faded due to
the inclusion of a wave of popular music (rock music that developed
since 1950, and victories Beatle music and the like since 1961 until
now). Nevertheless, keroncong music still
played and enjoyed by all walks of life in Indonesia and Malaysia until
now.Musical - Musical
InstrumentsIn
its earliest form, Moresco music accompanied by strings, like a violin,
ukulele, and cello. Percussion is also sometimes used. Set the orchestra of this kind are still used by
keroncong monument, which still form keroncong played by the community
of Portuguese descendants of slaves who lived in Kampung Ambon Monument,
North Jakarta, which later expanded to the south in Kemayoran and
Gambir by Betawi people mingle with the music Tanjidor (year 1880 to 1920). Year 1920 - 1960 moved to
Solo development centers, and adapt to a slower rhythm of nature
according to the Javanese.Pem-"native"-an
art making keroncong mixed, with musical instruments such as:• Sitar India•
Rebab• Bamboo Flute• Drum,
kenong, and saron as a set of gamelan•
GongToday, the musical instruments used in
orchestras keroncong include• Ukulele choke, strings 3 (nylon), tone sequence is
G, B, and E; as the main instrument voicing crong crong so-called
keroncong (discovered in 1879 in Hawaii, and is a milestone early onset
keroncong music).• Ukulele cak, strings 4
(steel), tone sequence A, D, Fis, and B. So when the other instruments
playing scales C, cak play on scales F (known as in F);• an acoustic guitar as the guitar
melodies, played with style kontrapuntis (anti melody);• Biola (replacing fiddle); since been made
by the Amati or Stradivarius of Cremona Italy around the year 1600 have
not changed the model until now.• Flute (replacing the
Bamboo Flute), the Tempo Era Albert Doeloe wear Flute (ebony flute with
holes and valve, somewhat broken voice, orchestra samples Lief Java),
while in the Era of the Eternal Keroncong have used Bohm Flute (Flute
metal all the valve, the sound is more refined with a beautiful tone
ornaments, Sunarno flutis example of Solo or Beny Waluyo of Jakarta);• Selo;
betot replace the drum, also has not changed since made by Amati and
Stradivarius of Cremona Italy 1600, only played in keroncong typically
plucked / pizzikato;• Bass
(replacing Gong), also a plucked bass, has never changed since made by
Amati and Stradivarius of Cremona Italy 1600 made;Guards beat on
hold by ukulele and bass. Kontrapuntis guitar and
cello which regulate rhythmic chord transition. Violin melody serves as a guide, as well as decoration /
ornament below. Flut fill the
ornaments, which floating melodies fill the empty space.
Keroncong form mixed with popular music
now use a single organ and synthesizer to accompany the song keroncong
(in single-stage organ playing keroncong versatile, dangdut, rock,
polka, march).Types KeroncongKeroncong music leaning more on chord progressions and
the type of tool used. Since the mid-20 th century has been known
for at least three kinds of keroncong, which can be recognized from the
pattern of progression akordnya. For
musicians who already understand the plot, to accompany the songs
keroncong actually not difficult, because quite fit the prevailing
pattern. The development will be to maintain the
consistency of the pattern. In addition, there are
mixed forms and adaptations.Present developments KeroncongAfter
experiencing a long evolution since the arrival of the Portuguese in
Indonesia (1522) and the settlement of the slaves in the village
monument in 1661 [1], and this is the early evolution of the long
keroncong music (1661-1880), nearly du centuries, but keroncong not show the actual identity of the
voice-crong crong-crong, so it may be said keroncong music was not born
in 1661-1880.And finally
experienced the evolution of music keroncong last short since 1880 until
now, with three stages of the recent developments that have taken place
and an estimate of new developments (keroncong millenium). Initial milestone was in 1879 [2], in
the discovery of the Hawaiian ukelele [3] which soon became the main
instrument in keroncong (ukelele sound: crong-crong-crong), whereas the
early millennium keroncong existing signs, but not yet developing (Bonda Carey).Four stages
of the development is [4]a) The old days (1880 - 1920),b) The eternal keroncong (1920
- 1960), andc) The modern keroncong (1960 - 2000), andd) The keroncong
millennium (2000-present)Doeloe Tempo period (1880 - 1920)Ukelele
discovered in 1879 in Hawaii, it is estimated that next year a new
Keroncong transformed in 1880, in the monument area and then spread to
the southern area of Kemayoran, and Gambier (see there is a track and
Markets Gambir Kemayoran, circa 1913). Komedie
Stamboel 1891 - 1903 born in the city of Port of Surabaya in 1891, a
Performance Style Instanbul, which held a road show in the Netherlands
East Indies, Singapore and Malaya by rail or steamer. In
general, the show includes the story 1001 Nights (Arabian) and the
European story (and the People's Opera), including Tale of India and
Persia. As
an interlude, between the scene and the opening, the music is played
marches, polkas, harp, and keroncong. Special entry keroncong Stambul known at that time I, Stambul II,
and III Stambul.At that time Stambul upbeat songs (about 120 meters
to one beat a quarter note), where the monument called the Village
People as Keroncong Portuguese, while Gesang said as Keroncong Quick,
and mingle with the original Tanjidor Batawi. At this time the Indo
known musicians, and the legendary violinist is M.Sagi (notice the tape
Idris Sardi violin song Jali-jali Stambul II based on the arrangement of
M. Sagi). As it is known that the
length opera song is 16 bars, which consist of:Abadi Keroncong period (1920 -
1960)At this time the length of track has been
changed to 32 bar, due to the influence of American pop music that hit
the dance floor at Hotel12 Indonesia at that time, dominated by
musicians from the Philippines (as Pablo, Sambayon, etc.), and
consequently also the song at that time was 32 measure also, note the song Indonesia Raya
(1924) at that time also had 32 signatures. Further development of
the center switch to Solo and rhythm are also much slower (about 80 for
quarter-tone). This period was born Solo musicians such as Gesang. Eternal Keroncong songs
consist of:Keroncong
Modern Period (1960 - 2000)Developments
keroncong Solo and the surrounding area still, but the emergence of new
styles that are different from Keroncong The Eternal (including
musicians), and a renewal in accordance with the environment.Java styleKeroncong adaptation of
gamelan musical tradition known as Idioms Java, which is different from
the style in question here. Java style has a special
feature on the addition of instruments such as zither, drums (can be
represented with a modified game of cello-style drums), saron, and the
presence or mysticism in the form of introduction take vocal without
instruments to open before starting the whole rhythm. Idioms
Java in 1968 developed into Mix.Generally have a pop structure is AABA or ABCD also by the
number of 32 bars. Java
Idioms famous song in 1958 was the creation of Anjar Any (1936-2008):
Yen Ing Tawang Ana latitude (Tawang in Javanese means: clouds, sky, and
the other meaning of the name of a village in Magetan, If There is a
Star in the Sky ). Java style became famous by
Waljinah ever as a champion of the junior high school in Solo RRI 1958.Keroncong BeatThe foundation was started by leaders of Fresh Pirngadie
Rudy, in Jakarta in 1959 and could accompany western pop songs (the
desire to move more universal). At that time, Idris Sardi
joined a tour of the New York World's Fair in the United States with the
violin in 1964 with the intention of going to introduce the song pop
west (I left my heart in San Francisco, at that time in 1964 this song
is one hit in the world) to the accompaniment keroncong beat, but he's been fined due to violation of the
copyright without permission.With Keroncong Beat the variety of songs
(not a series of harmonies keroncong. Including Minor Key) can sing like
La Paloma, Monalisa, Thistle, Prickly Rose, etc..Sari MixAt
South Mountain (DI Yogyakarta) in 1968 Manthous gamelan instrument
introducing joint and keroncong music, which became known as the Mix. Now the Solo, Sragen, Ngawi,
and the surrounding area, known as a center of musical artists
campursari. Regent Sukoharjo enliven even the stock campursari.Koes Plus Keroncong-Shania
Twain is known as a pioneer of rock music in Indonesia, in about the
year 1974 is also instrumental in the rock music keroncong. The meeting was
Keroncong Keroncong Koes Plus with the structure of the mixture (in
Dutch called Meng-vorm or the UK Combine form) between Stambul Keroncong
II and style.If Indonesia can rock band follow-Koes Plus to preserve their
own culture as keroncong, then how beautiful music can be popular
Indonesian rock to the rhythm of my hometown, means music keroncong not
die (word Gesang). Hopefully Mbah,
Indonesia's young generation can continue keroncong music.Keroncong Dangdut (Congdut)Keroncong
dangdut (Congdut) is the answer to the swift effect of dangdut music in
popular music in Indonesia since the 1980s. Along with
the strengthening campursari in Javanese popular music performances, a
musician, is said to start from Surakarta, incorporating elements into
the beat dangdut songs classic and new Java style. Didi
sunken is the main character of this reform movement. Well-known
songs include Racing, Sewu Kuto.
[The Keroncong Millenium (2000-present)Although the music in the era
keroncong millennium (2000's) has not been part of Indonesian pop music
industry, but some still appreciate the music keroncong. The
music group "Keroncong Red and White" [citation needed], the
London-based keroncong still active enough to do the show. Additionally, Mariah Carey and his group Black Eyed Fade 2
Black, creating a composition titled "Keroncong Protol" that
successfully combines style rap music with background music rhythm
keroncong.Figure KeroncongIndonesia one
of the characters who have contributed substantially in memperbesarkan
keroncong music is the father of Gesang. Man having second thoughts Surakarta (Solo) is even
getting compensation for each year of the Japanese government for
successfully introducing keroncong music there. One of the most famous song (song) Solo. Because of that dedication, by Gesang nicknamed "Crocodile
Keroncong" by the personnel of keroncong Indonesia, called for keroncong
music experts. Gesang said the MASA rhythm keroncong opera
(1880-1920), which develops in Jakarta (Monument, Kemayoran, and
Gambier) as Keroncong Quick; while after moving to the center of the
development of Solo (MASA keroncong ABADI; 1920-1960) rhythm becomes
slower.On the other hand the name of Anjar Any (Solo, Idioms
Java creator of more than 2000 songs, who died in 2008) have also
contributed to the Java style keroncong for its Waljinah (Solo), whereas
R.Pirngadie (Jakarta) to beat keroncong, Manthous (Gunungkidul ,
London) for Mix-and Koes Plus (Solo / Jakarta) to Keroncong Rock, as
well as sunken Didi (Ngawi) for Congdut.Trivia• The origin of the name "Crocodile
Keroncong" range in his songs, Solo. Solo is the name
of a river in the area of Surakarta. As is known, has a
crocodile in the swamp and the river habitat. Greatest Reptill almost invincible in
their habitat, as it becomes a vicious predator. The underlying supposition that sort of
thing is why Gesang referred to as "Crocodile Keroncong".Protol "Did Keroncong
Indonesia?Keroncong music is one of
the many types of music in Indonesia. Keroncong
think a traditional classical music and lilting and very comfortable in
the ear or the cool language of his "bedtime".Still very
clearly recorded in my mind about the song that I've known since
keroncong small that the song "Solo" during my childhood was very often
played on radio stations of the Republic of Indonesia, so no need to
memorize it as if I was familiar at all with solo songs such as automatically entered
in my left brain.And possible origin in the
know have had as a kid, I was most displeased with that name every time
there's keroncong keroncong song on the radio would automatically be
moved to another event channel. However, as time passed
when it was rare and never listen to the song keroncong as "Solo" this
sense of missed and miss (when first anti keroncong) comes out of
nowhere.Now the
lyrics, the song keroncong have very rarely heard in the ears is either
because they rarely listen to the radio or even the artist does
keroncong in this archipelago is no longer echoes and creates his works.Alm. The
Maestro "Mbah Gesang" an artist who became a symbol of victories
Keroncong music keroncong Indonesia at that time a worthy son of the
proud nation.Nation Indonesia is
now losing the Maestro Keroncong Indonesia is the nation's cry, but his
work and your services in the art would have eternal keroncong Indonesia
in the heart and "Solo" you will still be a harbinger of the Maestro
"Mbah Gesang" is now gone.So, will "Protol" Did Keroncong Indonesia?Questions that may be
difficult to answer for all of us because now it's time to shift the
tone keroncong been displaced by most types of music in Indonesia is now
a trend like, Dangdut, POP, Malay, Me, Rock, Chorus, etc..We hope keroncong music will still
be there and not be "Protol" until later, until death.Although different streams but there is still a
few musicians who care about this keroncong music like Black Eyed FADE 2
BLACK which in 2007 released the album 2nya and have a single titled
"Keroncong Protol" a combination of mucin Keroncong song, POP, and
Chorus .Hopefully the musicians Indonesia
moved to create works that does have elements that Keroncong keroncong
Indonesia will not be "Protol" until later to death.
CHAPTER IIICLOSING
ConclusionBased on a paper entitled
"The Art of Music Keroncong" it can be concluded that the art of music
keroncong not experienced changes for the better, it should be
recognition-recognition of the youth culture of the nation continue to
do so not to fade and die especially not to the music and the culture
was taken and recognized
by another state.So it
can be done developing the art of traditional music, especially music
keroncong.SuggestionHopefully with this
paper can stimulate our enthusiasm for learning and high school students
in N 1 Trawas also be more correct if the many shortcomings of this
paper.
REFERENCES
http://www.google.comhttp://id.wikipedia,
org / wiki / music keroncong
Sunday, March 18, 2012
Friday, March 16, 2012
paper on the history of the reco lanang in Indonesia
CHAPTER
IINTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundIndonesia is one country in the world known as a country that has a wide range of highly diverse cultures. Culture itself is also supported by the historical story of all time that can be remembered by future generations. The story of history is passed down from generation to generation orally from their ancestors.One of the stories contained in the historical district is Trawas "Reco Lanang". Reco Lanang Kemloko is located in the village. From the story of the history of the Reco Lanang, we can take the lessons and wisdom. The story of history can be role models for future generations not to repeat past mistakes.It is therefore expected in the presence of this paper, the reader can find out how the origin of the Reco Lanang and understand the values of life contained therein.
1.2 ObjectivesAs for the purposes of making this paper, include the following:- Completing the task of Geography.- Retells how the origin / history of Reco Lanang story.- Explain the relationship between the story of the history of Reco Lanang with the values of life that exists.
1.3 Problem formulationThe issues underlying this paper manufacture. Some of them are:- What is the story of the history of Reco Lanang- Is there life values contained the history of the story.
CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION
2.1 Occurrence of Reco Lanang Story HistoryOnce upon a time there lived a husband and wife. They named Karyo and Surti. Karyo the daily work of the farm, while his wife, Surti have a hobby of dressing up / preen themselves. In fact, cooking meals for her husband she was lazy.One day, when Karyo just returned from farming, he was not greeted with either a husband layanya others. Karyo upset none of the food served over the kitchen. He was furious, even more furious when he saw the wife who just preen themselves in front of her favorite glass.And Surti was kicked out with her favorite glass and finally Surti into statues. Items in the house are also not spared from the wrath Karyo. The goods were disposed of until strewn everywhere and the house was burned by Karyo, too. While after that, Karyo himself meditated at a place and he came under fire from the unseen occupants and eventually he followed his wife into a statue.Therefore, local people named Karyo arca incarnation as "Reco Lanang" which means the male statue and Surti arca incarnation as "Reco Wedok" which means female statues. First, the statue is considered sacred and used as a place of worship.
2.2 Values Contained In The Life StoriesThe values of life that can be drawn from the historical account above. Moreover, we are as a woman. Moreover, who is married and has a husband.It being understood we all can serve as best man. Moreover, when the husband came home from work and tired. Surti is not like that lazy just like to dress up and cooking.Thus, a wife should be able to serve her husband well and according to him, other than dutifully. That's why the true happiness of a husband.
CHAPTER IIICLOSING
3.1 ConclusionWe can conclude here that, no connection between the story of history Reco Lanang with the values that we embrace life. As a woman let alone a wife, should be able to serve her husband well. Not only lazy, preening themselves alone, causing her husband's wrath.
3.2 AdviceHopefully with this paper, the younger generation especially students of SMAN 1 Trawas can understand and grasp the importance of historical narrative in the past to life in the future. The story of history is useful for us all to become a better human being.
1.1 BackgroundIndonesia is one country in the world known as a country that has a wide range of highly diverse cultures. Culture itself is also supported by the historical story of all time that can be remembered by future generations. The story of history is passed down from generation to generation orally from their ancestors.One of the stories contained in the historical district is Trawas "Reco Lanang". Reco Lanang Kemloko is located in the village. From the story of the history of the Reco Lanang, we can take the lessons and wisdom. The story of history can be role models for future generations not to repeat past mistakes.It is therefore expected in the presence of this paper, the reader can find out how the origin of the Reco Lanang and understand the values of life contained therein.
1.2 ObjectivesAs for the purposes of making this paper, include the following:- Completing the task of Geography.- Retells how the origin / history of Reco Lanang story.- Explain the relationship between the story of the history of Reco Lanang with the values of life that exists.
1.3 Problem formulationThe issues underlying this paper manufacture. Some of them are:- What is the story of the history of Reco Lanang- Is there life values contained the history of the story.
CHAPTER IIDISCUSSION
2.1 Occurrence of Reco Lanang Story HistoryOnce upon a time there lived a husband and wife. They named Karyo and Surti. Karyo the daily work of the farm, while his wife, Surti have a hobby of dressing up / preen themselves. In fact, cooking meals for her husband she was lazy.One day, when Karyo just returned from farming, he was not greeted with either a husband layanya others. Karyo upset none of the food served over the kitchen. He was furious, even more furious when he saw the wife who just preen themselves in front of her favorite glass.And Surti was kicked out with her favorite glass and finally Surti into statues. Items in the house are also not spared from the wrath Karyo. The goods were disposed of until strewn everywhere and the house was burned by Karyo, too. While after that, Karyo himself meditated at a place and he came under fire from the unseen occupants and eventually he followed his wife into a statue.Therefore, local people named Karyo arca incarnation as "Reco Lanang" which means the male statue and Surti arca incarnation as "Reco Wedok" which means female statues. First, the statue is considered sacred and used as a place of worship.
2.2 Values Contained In The Life StoriesThe values of life that can be drawn from the historical account above. Moreover, we are as a woman. Moreover, who is married and has a husband.It being understood we all can serve as best man. Moreover, when the husband came home from work and tired. Surti is not like that lazy just like to dress up and cooking.Thus, a wife should be able to serve her husband well and according to him, other than dutifully. That's why the true happiness of a husband.
CHAPTER IIICLOSING
3.1 ConclusionWe can conclude here that, no connection between the story of history Reco Lanang with the values that we embrace life. As a woman let alone a wife, should be able to serve her husband well. Not only lazy, preening themselves alone, causing her husband's wrath.
3.2 AdviceHopefully with this paper, the younger generation especially students of SMAN 1 Trawas can understand and grasp the importance of historical narrative in the past to life in the future. The story of history is useful for us all to become a better human being.
paper on international trade
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundInternational trade is basically still need to be supervised by the countries of the world, given its impact on the national economy. Therefore, there is a group that agreed to international perdangangan and others who disagree.Basically the whole act of a government that aims to boost economic growth and increase revenue through the country with activities that promote and regulate the export or import controls. Overall the action, either directly or indirectly affect the composition, direction, and forms of trade and international payments.
1.2 ObjectivesMade will be a credible form of benefit if you have a specific purpose. The purpose of writing this paper is:A. To learn how the government policy on international trade2. To learn a variety of international trade policy3. To train ourselves in preparing all papers in order to develop the skills and creativity
CHAPTER IIPROBLEM
A. Mention the various international trade!2. Mention the good and the political weakness of the free trade!3. What is a tariff or import duty?4. Tariff consists of two kinds, say!5. What is an Absolute Quota and Tariff Rate Quota?6. Why export ban in international trade are not being applied?7. What is the result of the import ban imposed for a specific product?8. How is the policy of subsidies according to Boediono?9. What is the premium?10. Is the cause of a state, the price?
CHAPTER IIIDISCUSSION
A. Mention the various international trade policy? Political protectionProtection means special protection in the field of economy, this protection is provided by the government to domestic producers against foreign competition.
Political free tradeWho wants a policy of free trade without any significant barriers to goods and services from all countries.
Political dumpingPolicy pursued by way of selling products abroad cheaper than at home.
2. Mention the good and the political weakness of the free trade! The goodness of a free trade1) Encourage employers to improve the quality of production in order to compete with the choices made2) The number of kinds and types of manufactured goods so that consumers will be more choices made.
The downside of free trade1) Only producers who capitalized and won the competition to improve efficiency2) Most likely, many small companies are not able to keep going bankrupt3) The number of unemployed will increasingly3. What is a tariff or import duty?Tariffs or import duties is one way to protect products in the country from the invasion of imported products. Tariffs imposed on imported products provide protection to domestic producers in the form of expensive imported goods in the country. This gives an opportunity for domestic manufacturers to compete with imported goods so that they could increase production.
4. Tariff consists of two kinds, say!a. Tariff barrierPolicy in the form of import duties lowest rate between 0% - 5% Rates are between 5% - 20%
b. Non-tariff barrier policiesAre a variety of trade policy in addition to import duties which may cause distortion, thereby reducing the potential benefits of international trade.
5. What is an Absolute Quota and Tariff Rate Quota? Absolute QuotaAllow the inclusion of certain commodities in a set amount for a certain period.
Tariff Rate QuotaAllow the inclusion of certain amounts of goods into a country with a reduced rate for a certain period.
6. Why export ban in international trade are not being applied?In international trade, the export ban is not widely applied. Actually, more to the export ban on the willingness of a country to prohibit altogether the export of certain commodities such as raw cane, sawn timber and palm oil. Policies are often implemented in international trade is not much different from the export ban is a Voluntary Export Restriction is a voluntary export restrictions. In this policy the two countries or trading partners mutual understanding to restrict exports of certain commodities to reduce the trade imbalance. This policy was never implemented by the Japanese against the U.S. auto exports.
7. What is the result of the import ban imposed for a specific product?With the ban on imports result in higher prices. In addition, domestic producers can raise their productivity. Favorable import ban means producers, namely a higher selling price and the amount of more sales, while consumers lose.
8. How is the policy of subsidies according to Boediono?According to Boediono, the subsidy policy is not harmful to consumers as other policies in the field of international trade. After subsidies, the amount of consumption and the price was not increased. Domestic manufacturers are also still able to increase profits because they can sell more even if the price is fixed. Thus, the subsidy policy is better than other policies.
9. What is the premium?The premium is the additional funds (in cash) to the producers managed to achieve the production target (achievement) is determined by the government. With the premiums and subsidies to domestic producers is:a. Selling prices of goods are cheaper, more affordable by the community led to increased demand for manyb. Increased productionc. Maintain the viability (continuity) of the company
10. Is the cause of a state, the price?The cause is:a. The nature of the goods sold may allow price discrimination madeb. Goods can not be transferred from one market to another marketc. The nature of demand and the elasticity of demand in each of the markets should be differentd. Manufacturers can exploit some irrational attitudese. Manufacturers can exploit some of the irrational behavior of consumers, such as differences in packaging, size and color.
CHAPTER IVCLOSING
4.1 ConclusionInternational trade is done in order to increase the pace of economic growth to achieve prosperity. Efforts to achieve prosperity is inseparable from the fulfillment of needs (goods / services). Fulfillment of needs that may not be organized by a state, of course, be done by bringing in from other countries, so it can be concluded that the presence of international trade policies is mainly caused by the different sources of information production, production systems and consumption patterns of a country .
4.2 AdviceBased on the international trade policies could increase state revenues, as well as help facilitate export activities and imports of goods needed in the domestic industry. With terselesainya this paper the authors can provide advice to the reader that international trade policies directly or indirectly, affect the composition, direction and shape of trade and international payments. With at least a guide book or literature I apologize for not being able to explain the solid and clear.
REFERENCES
- Tim MGMP SMA / MA District. Mojokerto. , 2004. Aspiration (Economics). Mojokerto- Economic Package 2 High School Class XI. Yudhishthira
1.1 BackgroundInternational trade is basically still need to be supervised by the countries of the world, given its impact on the national economy. Therefore, there is a group that agreed to international perdangangan and others who disagree.Basically the whole act of a government that aims to boost economic growth and increase revenue through the country with activities that promote and regulate the export or import controls. Overall the action, either directly or indirectly affect the composition, direction, and forms of trade and international payments.
1.2 ObjectivesMade will be a credible form of benefit if you have a specific purpose. The purpose of writing this paper is:A. To learn how the government policy on international trade2. To learn a variety of international trade policy3. To train ourselves in preparing all papers in order to develop the skills and creativity
CHAPTER IIPROBLEM
A. Mention the various international trade!2. Mention the good and the political weakness of the free trade!3. What is a tariff or import duty?4. Tariff consists of two kinds, say!5. What is an Absolute Quota and Tariff Rate Quota?6. Why export ban in international trade are not being applied?7. What is the result of the import ban imposed for a specific product?8. How is the policy of subsidies according to Boediono?9. What is the premium?10. Is the cause of a state, the price?
CHAPTER IIIDISCUSSION
A. Mention the various international trade policy? Political protectionProtection means special protection in the field of economy, this protection is provided by the government to domestic producers against foreign competition.
Political free tradeWho wants a policy of free trade without any significant barriers to goods and services from all countries.
Political dumpingPolicy pursued by way of selling products abroad cheaper than at home.
2. Mention the good and the political weakness of the free trade! The goodness of a free trade1) Encourage employers to improve the quality of production in order to compete with the choices made2) The number of kinds and types of manufactured goods so that consumers will be more choices made.
The downside of free trade1) Only producers who capitalized and won the competition to improve efficiency2) Most likely, many small companies are not able to keep going bankrupt3) The number of unemployed will increasingly3. What is a tariff or import duty?Tariffs or import duties is one way to protect products in the country from the invasion of imported products. Tariffs imposed on imported products provide protection to domestic producers in the form of expensive imported goods in the country. This gives an opportunity for domestic manufacturers to compete with imported goods so that they could increase production.
4. Tariff consists of two kinds, say!a. Tariff barrierPolicy in the form of import duties lowest rate between 0% - 5% Rates are between 5% - 20%
b. Non-tariff barrier policiesAre a variety of trade policy in addition to import duties which may cause distortion, thereby reducing the potential benefits of international trade.
5. What is an Absolute Quota and Tariff Rate Quota? Absolute QuotaAllow the inclusion of certain commodities in a set amount for a certain period.
Tariff Rate QuotaAllow the inclusion of certain amounts of goods into a country with a reduced rate for a certain period.
6. Why export ban in international trade are not being applied?In international trade, the export ban is not widely applied. Actually, more to the export ban on the willingness of a country to prohibit altogether the export of certain commodities such as raw cane, sawn timber and palm oil. Policies are often implemented in international trade is not much different from the export ban is a Voluntary Export Restriction is a voluntary export restrictions. In this policy the two countries or trading partners mutual understanding to restrict exports of certain commodities to reduce the trade imbalance. This policy was never implemented by the Japanese against the U.S. auto exports.
7. What is the result of the import ban imposed for a specific product?With the ban on imports result in higher prices. In addition, domestic producers can raise their productivity. Favorable import ban means producers, namely a higher selling price and the amount of more sales, while consumers lose.
8. How is the policy of subsidies according to Boediono?According to Boediono, the subsidy policy is not harmful to consumers as other policies in the field of international trade. After subsidies, the amount of consumption and the price was not increased. Domestic manufacturers are also still able to increase profits because they can sell more even if the price is fixed. Thus, the subsidy policy is better than other policies.
9. What is the premium?The premium is the additional funds (in cash) to the producers managed to achieve the production target (achievement) is determined by the government. With the premiums and subsidies to domestic producers is:a. Selling prices of goods are cheaper, more affordable by the community led to increased demand for manyb. Increased productionc. Maintain the viability (continuity) of the company
10. Is the cause of a state, the price?The cause is:a. The nature of the goods sold may allow price discrimination madeb. Goods can not be transferred from one market to another marketc. The nature of demand and the elasticity of demand in each of the markets should be differentd. Manufacturers can exploit some irrational attitudese. Manufacturers can exploit some of the irrational behavior of consumers, such as differences in packaging, size and color.
CHAPTER IVCLOSING
4.1 ConclusionInternational trade is done in order to increase the pace of economic growth to achieve prosperity. Efforts to achieve prosperity is inseparable from the fulfillment of needs (goods / services). Fulfillment of needs that may not be organized by a state, of course, be done by bringing in from other countries, so it can be concluded that the presence of international trade policies is mainly caused by the different sources of information production, production systems and consumption patterns of a country .
4.2 AdviceBased on the international trade policies could increase state revenues, as well as help facilitate export activities and imports of goods needed in the domestic industry. With terselesainya this paper the authors can provide advice to the reader that international trade policies directly or indirectly, affect the composition, direction and shape of trade and international payments. With at least a guide book or literature I apologize for not being able to explain the solid and clear.
REFERENCES
- Tim MGMP SMA / MA District. Mojokerto. , 2004. Aspiration (Economics). Mojokerto- Economic Package 2 High School Class XI. Yudhishthira
paper on the agricultural natural resources
CHAPTER
IINTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundNatural Resources is one of the potential that can not be separated from everyday life, one of which is agricultural natural resources. Since most of the livelihood of the world population in the areas of agriculture sphere. Indonesia's history since the colonial period to the present can not be separated from the agricultural sector. Because the sector has great significance in determining formation of a variety of economic and social realities in different regions.
1.2 Objectives and Purpose1.2.1 The purposeOur goal in making paper on "The Importance of Agriculture for Natural Resources Kehiupan" This is to fulfill the tasks assigned by our subject teachers.
1.2.2 PurposeProvide insight into natural resources, especially to provide knowledge about "The Importance of Agriculture for Natural Resources Life".
CHAPTER IIRESOLUTION
2.1 Agriculture Natural ResourcesNatural Resources (SDA) is anything that menucul naturally that can be used to meet human needs in general. Belonging in it not only biotic components, such as animals, plants, and microorganisms, but also the abiotic components such as petroleum, natural gas, various kinds of metal, water, and soil.Agriculture is the utilization of biological resources by humans to produce food, industrial raw materials or energy sources, as well as to manage the environment. The utilization of biological resources that are included in ordinary farming people understood as cultivation or farming (crop cultivation) as well as livestock rearing (raising), although its scope may also be the use of micro organisms and bioenzim in the processing of advanced products, such as making cheese and tempeh, or just the mere extraction, such as fishing or forest exploitation.The group examines agricultural sciences with the support of agricultural sciences supporters. The core of the agricultural sciences are biology and economics. Because agriculture is always bound by time and space. Supporting sciences such as geology, meteorology, agriculture machining, biochemical and statiska also studied in agriculture. Farming (farming) is a core part of agriculture because it involves a set of activities carried out in cultivation. Meraka farmer is the designation for the conduct of farming, for example "tobacco farmers" or "fish farmer". Perpetrators of livestock farming (livestock) specifically referred to as a breeder.Agricultural enterprises were given a special name for the particular subject of farming. Farm forestry is the subject of plants (trees) and a semi-wild land cultivated or wild. Farms using animal subjects dry land (cattle, buffalo, goat, etc.). Fishing waters have the subject animals (fish, etc.). A farm can involve a variety of subjects together with the reasons of efficiency and increase profits. And environmental sustainability considerations involve aspects of conservation of natural resources is also a part in the agricultural business.All farming is essentially economic activities that require basic knowledge of the same will be managing the business, the selection of seeds / seedlings, cultivation methods, collecting the results, product distribution, processing and packaging of products, and marketing. If a farmer is looking at all aspects of the consideration of efficiency to achieve the maximum profit he made intensive farming (intensive farming). Farms are viewed in this way is known as agribusiness. Programs and policies that drive agriculture to the point of view this is known as intensification. Because industrial agriculture is always applying intensive farming, they often equated. Attention to the agricultural side of the industrial environment is a sustainable agriculture (sustainable agriculture).
2.2 The concept of Sustainable AgricultureSustainable agriculture is a success in managing resources for the benefit of agriculture in meeting human needs, while maintaining and improving environmental quality and conservation of natural resources. Environmentally sound agricultural customers always pay attention to soil, water, humans, animals / livestock, food, income and health. Environmentally sound agricultural purposes are:A. Safe according to environmental insightThe quality of natural resources and the vitality of the entire agro-ecosystem is maintained / start of human life, plants and animals to soil organisms can be improved.
2. Economically advantageousFarmers can produce something that is adequate to meet their own needs / income, and earn enough income to pay for labor and other production costs.
3. Fair according to social considerationsResources and energy spread in such a way that the basic needs of all members of society can be met, as well as every farmer has an equal opportunity to utilize the land, obtaining sufficient capital, technical assistance and marketing.
4. Against all forms of human lifeResponsive to all forms of life (plants, animals, and humans) the basic principle of all forms of life is to know each other and working relationships between living things are truth, honesty, confidence, cooperation and mutual assistance.
5. Can be easily adaptedRural people / farmers are able to adjust to changing conditions of farming: population growth, policy and market demand.
2.3 Organic AgricultureOrganic farming is an integrated production management system that avoids the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically-modified, pressing air pollution, soil, and water. Regenerative organic agriculture is agriculture with farming principles accompanied by a return to natural inputs are derived from organic materials. Some basic principles that need attention are:1) Use of natural resources for the development of agribusiness horikultura (especially land and water)2) The production or activity of farming itself is done in familiar surroundings, so as to avoid negative impacts and externalities on society3) The handling and processing, distribution and marketing, as well as the use of the product does not pose a problem in the environment (waste and garbage)4) The product to be lucrative business, meet consumer preferences and consumer safety.
2.4 Modern Organic FarmingIn recent years, modern organic farming into the agricultural system of Indonesia is sporadic and small. Developing modern organic farming produce food that is safe for health and environment-friendly production systems. But the general concept of modern organic farming has not been widely known and still widely questioned. The emphasis is more to the left while the use of synthetic pesticides. In the growing knowledge of health technology, environment, microbiology, chemistry, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc., organic agriculture continues to grow. In modern organic farming systems and the required quality standards are imposed by importing countries with very strict. Often the organic agricultural products must be returned to the exporting countries, including Indonesia because it is still found to contain pesticides and chemicals redisu other.
2.5 Forms of Agriculture in IndonesiaA. MoorAn agricultural system that are sedentary, but uses a system pengarian / irrigation. Types of crops and plants are gogu.
2. Fields (Huma)An agricultural system which is done to move the opening in the forest and land use. Agriculture is not familiar with the irrigation system and no tilling and fertilizing the right to make a lot of damage to the soil.
3. FieldFarming is carried out in wet soil or by irrigation. Various kinds of fields:a. Rainfed rice is rice that received only water during the rainy seasonb. Lowland rice paddies are located along major riversc. Irrigated rice is rice that has always had water throughout the year.d. Rice paddies is prodding a magpie in a tidally influenced river of sea water
2.6 Agricultural EngineeringAgricultural engineering is a discipline to learn about agriculture through the approach of engineering / engineering by transforming natural resources efficiently and effectively to human needs. Agricultural engineering focuses on several scientific disciplines, among others, is the basis for planning, design, development, evaluation, and implementation elements of the production system such as the unity of man, machine and equipment, and agricultural resources.These areas included within the scope of agricultural engineering is the technique of agriculture, natural resources of agricultural engineering, process engineering of agricultural / food, energy, agriculture and electricity, workshop and instruments in the field of agriculture, agricultural engineering and management systems, farm buildings and the environment.
2.7 Causes Damage to Agricultural LandA. Agricultural Soil Erosion Damage DueLand use on the carrying capacity without balanced with conservation and improvement of land will lead to land degradation. Land in the uplands with steep slopes are suitable for forest danger, if they get over the function of a seasonal agricultural land will be vulnerable to disasters and the erosion or landslides. Sloping land use change from permanent vegetation (forest) to agricultural land, causing soil insentef be more easily degraded by soil erosion. Logging practices and forest destruction (deforesterisasi) is a major cause of erosion in the watershed area (DAS).
2. Pollution of Agrochemicals in Agricultural LandLevels of pollution and environmental damage in the agricultural environment can be caused by penggunana agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) are not proportional. The negative impact of the use of agrochemicals such as water pollution, soil, and agricultural, health problems of farmers, declining biodiversity, farmers helpless in the procurement of seeds, chemical fertilizers and in determining the commodity to be planted.Excessive use of pesticides in a long period, will impact on the life and presence of natural enemies of pests and diseases, and also have an impact on the lives of the soil biota. This led to an explosion of insect pests and degradation of soil biota.The use of chemical fertilizers are highly concentrated and with a high dose in a long period led to deterioration of soil fertility due to nutrient imbalance or deficiency of other nutrients, and the decline of soil organic matter content. Nutrient deficiencies caused by the abandonment of the use of organic fertilizers.
3. Industrial PollutionPollution and environmental damage in the agricultural environment can also be caused due to industrial activities. Development of industrial sector will potentially negative impact on our agricultural environment, due to sewage, gas and solids that are foreign to the agricultural environment. Impact that can exhaust such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) will lead to acid rain and damage agricultural land. In addition, the presence of liquid wastes containing toxic heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cd, Hg) will cause the degradation of agricultural land and the pollution of inner life. What if this wastewater into irrigation water bodies, widespread negative effects will spread. The promotion of the program once clean and blue sky needs to be done, and the application of sanctions for employers who pollute soil, water and air.
4. Accretion and Pit CLarge mining operations are carried out on fertile ground or a permanent forest. Negative impacts of mining can be mined over the damaged surface irregularities, loss of fertile soil, and the rest of the extraction (tailings) that will affect the soil reaction and soil composition. The remainder of this extraction can react very acidic or very alkaline, so it will affect the degradation of soil fertility.
5. Land Transfer FunctionConversion of agricultural land increased in recent years is one threat to the sustainability of agriculture. One trigger the conversion of farmland to other uses is a low incentive for farmers in farming and farming keungungan rate is relatively low. In addition, agricultural businesses are faced with various problems that are difficult to predict and the high cost of control such as weather, pests and diseases, lack of means of production and marketing. Land use would occur on many farms that have high productivity into non-agricultural land. Paddy land use to residential and industrial areas are very influential on the availability of agricultural land, and food availability as well as other functions.
CHAPTER IIICLOSING
4.1 ConclusionAgriculture Natural Resources is one of the natural resources that can be updated whose activity is to utilize biological resources by humans to produce food, industrial raw materials, or other sources and for pushing enerti manages the environment.
4.2 AdviceAlthough the agricultural natural resources are a renewable resource, but we have to use it well and not arbitrarily in managing it.
REFERENCES
Cover the World Time-Life Sciences. Of 1996. Earth and the surface. Jakarta: Library Tira
Haryanto, Tri. , 2008. Environmental Pollution. Klaten: White Cempaka
Indonesian Heritage. Of 2002. Humans and the Environment. New York: Scholastic
Mac Kinon, Kathy. 1986. Nature Original Indonesia. New York: Scholastic
1.1 BackgroundNatural Resources is one of the potential that can not be separated from everyday life, one of which is agricultural natural resources. Since most of the livelihood of the world population in the areas of agriculture sphere. Indonesia's history since the colonial period to the present can not be separated from the agricultural sector. Because the sector has great significance in determining formation of a variety of economic and social realities in different regions.
1.2 Objectives and Purpose1.2.1 The purposeOur goal in making paper on "The Importance of Agriculture for Natural Resources Kehiupan" This is to fulfill the tasks assigned by our subject teachers.
1.2.2 PurposeProvide insight into natural resources, especially to provide knowledge about "The Importance of Agriculture for Natural Resources Life".
CHAPTER IIRESOLUTION
2.1 Agriculture Natural ResourcesNatural Resources (SDA) is anything that menucul naturally that can be used to meet human needs in general. Belonging in it not only biotic components, such as animals, plants, and microorganisms, but also the abiotic components such as petroleum, natural gas, various kinds of metal, water, and soil.Agriculture is the utilization of biological resources by humans to produce food, industrial raw materials or energy sources, as well as to manage the environment. The utilization of biological resources that are included in ordinary farming people understood as cultivation or farming (crop cultivation) as well as livestock rearing (raising), although its scope may also be the use of micro organisms and bioenzim in the processing of advanced products, such as making cheese and tempeh, or just the mere extraction, such as fishing or forest exploitation.The group examines agricultural sciences with the support of agricultural sciences supporters. The core of the agricultural sciences are biology and economics. Because agriculture is always bound by time and space. Supporting sciences such as geology, meteorology, agriculture machining, biochemical and statiska also studied in agriculture. Farming (farming) is a core part of agriculture because it involves a set of activities carried out in cultivation. Meraka farmer is the designation for the conduct of farming, for example "tobacco farmers" or "fish farmer". Perpetrators of livestock farming (livestock) specifically referred to as a breeder.Agricultural enterprises were given a special name for the particular subject of farming. Farm forestry is the subject of plants (trees) and a semi-wild land cultivated or wild. Farms using animal subjects dry land (cattle, buffalo, goat, etc.). Fishing waters have the subject animals (fish, etc.). A farm can involve a variety of subjects together with the reasons of efficiency and increase profits. And environmental sustainability considerations involve aspects of conservation of natural resources is also a part in the agricultural business.All farming is essentially economic activities that require basic knowledge of the same will be managing the business, the selection of seeds / seedlings, cultivation methods, collecting the results, product distribution, processing and packaging of products, and marketing. If a farmer is looking at all aspects of the consideration of efficiency to achieve the maximum profit he made intensive farming (intensive farming). Farms are viewed in this way is known as agribusiness. Programs and policies that drive agriculture to the point of view this is known as intensification. Because industrial agriculture is always applying intensive farming, they often equated. Attention to the agricultural side of the industrial environment is a sustainable agriculture (sustainable agriculture).
2.2 The concept of Sustainable AgricultureSustainable agriculture is a success in managing resources for the benefit of agriculture in meeting human needs, while maintaining and improving environmental quality and conservation of natural resources. Environmentally sound agricultural customers always pay attention to soil, water, humans, animals / livestock, food, income and health. Environmentally sound agricultural purposes are:A. Safe according to environmental insightThe quality of natural resources and the vitality of the entire agro-ecosystem is maintained / start of human life, plants and animals to soil organisms can be improved.
2. Economically advantageousFarmers can produce something that is adequate to meet their own needs / income, and earn enough income to pay for labor and other production costs.
3. Fair according to social considerationsResources and energy spread in such a way that the basic needs of all members of society can be met, as well as every farmer has an equal opportunity to utilize the land, obtaining sufficient capital, technical assistance and marketing.
4. Against all forms of human lifeResponsive to all forms of life (plants, animals, and humans) the basic principle of all forms of life is to know each other and working relationships between living things are truth, honesty, confidence, cooperation and mutual assistance.
5. Can be easily adaptedRural people / farmers are able to adjust to changing conditions of farming: population growth, policy and market demand.
2.3 Organic AgricultureOrganic farming is an integrated production management system that avoids the use of artificial fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically-modified, pressing air pollution, soil, and water. Regenerative organic agriculture is agriculture with farming principles accompanied by a return to natural inputs are derived from organic materials. Some basic principles that need attention are:1) Use of natural resources for the development of agribusiness horikultura (especially land and water)2) The production or activity of farming itself is done in familiar surroundings, so as to avoid negative impacts and externalities on society3) The handling and processing, distribution and marketing, as well as the use of the product does not pose a problem in the environment (waste and garbage)4) The product to be lucrative business, meet consumer preferences and consumer safety.
2.4 Modern Organic FarmingIn recent years, modern organic farming into the agricultural system of Indonesia is sporadic and small. Developing modern organic farming produce food that is safe for health and environment-friendly production systems. But the general concept of modern organic farming has not been widely known and still widely questioned. The emphasis is more to the left while the use of synthetic pesticides. In the growing knowledge of health technology, environment, microbiology, chemistry, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc., organic agriculture continues to grow. In modern organic farming systems and the required quality standards are imposed by importing countries with very strict. Often the organic agricultural products must be returned to the exporting countries, including Indonesia because it is still found to contain pesticides and chemicals redisu other.
2.5 Forms of Agriculture in IndonesiaA. MoorAn agricultural system that are sedentary, but uses a system pengarian / irrigation. Types of crops and plants are gogu.
2. Fields (Huma)An agricultural system which is done to move the opening in the forest and land use. Agriculture is not familiar with the irrigation system and no tilling and fertilizing the right to make a lot of damage to the soil.
3. FieldFarming is carried out in wet soil or by irrigation. Various kinds of fields:a. Rainfed rice is rice that received only water during the rainy seasonb. Lowland rice paddies are located along major riversc. Irrigated rice is rice that has always had water throughout the year.d. Rice paddies is prodding a magpie in a tidally influenced river of sea water
2.6 Agricultural EngineeringAgricultural engineering is a discipline to learn about agriculture through the approach of engineering / engineering by transforming natural resources efficiently and effectively to human needs. Agricultural engineering focuses on several scientific disciplines, among others, is the basis for planning, design, development, evaluation, and implementation elements of the production system such as the unity of man, machine and equipment, and agricultural resources.These areas included within the scope of agricultural engineering is the technique of agriculture, natural resources of agricultural engineering, process engineering of agricultural / food, energy, agriculture and electricity, workshop and instruments in the field of agriculture, agricultural engineering and management systems, farm buildings and the environment.
2.7 Causes Damage to Agricultural LandA. Agricultural Soil Erosion Damage DueLand use on the carrying capacity without balanced with conservation and improvement of land will lead to land degradation. Land in the uplands with steep slopes are suitable for forest danger, if they get over the function of a seasonal agricultural land will be vulnerable to disasters and the erosion or landslides. Sloping land use change from permanent vegetation (forest) to agricultural land, causing soil insentef be more easily degraded by soil erosion. Logging practices and forest destruction (deforesterisasi) is a major cause of erosion in the watershed area (DAS).
2. Pollution of Agrochemicals in Agricultural LandLevels of pollution and environmental damage in the agricultural environment can be caused by penggunana agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) are not proportional. The negative impact of the use of agrochemicals such as water pollution, soil, and agricultural, health problems of farmers, declining biodiversity, farmers helpless in the procurement of seeds, chemical fertilizers and in determining the commodity to be planted.Excessive use of pesticides in a long period, will impact on the life and presence of natural enemies of pests and diseases, and also have an impact on the lives of the soil biota. This led to an explosion of insect pests and degradation of soil biota.The use of chemical fertilizers are highly concentrated and with a high dose in a long period led to deterioration of soil fertility due to nutrient imbalance or deficiency of other nutrients, and the decline of soil organic matter content. Nutrient deficiencies caused by the abandonment of the use of organic fertilizers.
3. Industrial PollutionPollution and environmental damage in the agricultural environment can also be caused due to industrial activities. Development of industrial sector will potentially negative impact on our agricultural environment, due to sewage, gas and solids that are foreign to the agricultural environment. Impact that can exhaust such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) will lead to acid rain and damage agricultural land. In addition, the presence of liquid wastes containing toxic heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cd, Hg) will cause the degradation of agricultural land and the pollution of inner life. What if this wastewater into irrigation water bodies, widespread negative effects will spread. The promotion of the program once clean and blue sky needs to be done, and the application of sanctions for employers who pollute soil, water and air.
4. Accretion and Pit CLarge mining operations are carried out on fertile ground or a permanent forest. Negative impacts of mining can be mined over the damaged surface irregularities, loss of fertile soil, and the rest of the extraction (tailings) that will affect the soil reaction and soil composition. The remainder of this extraction can react very acidic or very alkaline, so it will affect the degradation of soil fertility.
5. Land Transfer FunctionConversion of agricultural land increased in recent years is one threat to the sustainability of agriculture. One trigger the conversion of farmland to other uses is a low incentive for farmers in farming and farming keungungan rate is relatively low. In addition, agricultural businesses are faced with various problems that are difficult to predict and the high cost of control such as weather, pests and diseases, lack of means of production and marketing. Land use would occur on many farms that have high productivity into non-agricultural land. Paddy land use to residential and industrial areas are very influential on the availability of agricultural land, and food availability as well as other functions.
CHAPTER IIICLOSING
4.1 ConclusionAgriculture Natural Resources is one of the natural resources that can be updated whose activity is to utilize biological resources by humans to produce food, industrial raw materials, or other sources and for pushing enerti manages the environment.
4.2 AdviceAlthough the agricultural natural resources are a renewable resource, but we have to use it well and not arbitrarily in managing it.
REFERENCES
Cover the World Time-Life Sciences. Of 1996. Earth and the surface. Jakarta: Library Tira
Haryanto, Tri. , 2008. Environmental Pollution. Klaten: White Cempaka
Indonesian Heritage. Of 2002. Humans and the Environment. New York: Scholastic
Mac Kinon, Kathy. 1986. Nature Original Indonesia. New York: Scholastic
paper on the political system in Indonesia
CHAPTER
IINTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundToday the political parties in Indonesia increasingly prevalent in the community. This proves that the political system in Indonesia has grown rapidly. In the history of Indonesia, the development of the political system is experiencing ups and downs.A political system is a container man and make participation in politics, politics has been running a long time since the founding of the Republic of Indonesia, this organization has existed even before independence, most people assume that politics is an organization that is not healthy, because it is expected through this paper we can know clearly about the political system in Indonesia.
1.2 Problem formulationTo know the purpose of discussion of the political system in Indonesia, then as in the preparation of the formulation are:A. What is the political system?2. Is the purpose of the political system?3. Are the elements of the political system?
1.3 Objectives DiscussionAn activity would be more useful if it has a purpose in this discussion include:A. To find out if called by the political system.2. To expand the knowledge of the political system, both the goals, implementation and political elements.3. Positive outlook on the future political system that can participate in it.
1.4 Confirmation of Title TermsIn preparing this paper, I gave the title "Political System in Indonesia" and the previous one by one author will outline the terms of the title as follows:- The system is an entity that contains the elements are bound together and organized whole.- Politics is a word with the status of the territory to the preservation and development.
1.5 Systematics of the discussionSystematics consists of:CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION1.1 Background1.2 Problem formulation1.3 Objectives Issues1.4 Confirmation of Title Terms1.5 Systematics DiscussionCHAPTER II THE POLITICAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA2.1 Definition of Political System2.2 Structurea. Superstructureb. Infrastructure2.3 System in World Politics2.4 Dynamics of Political IndonesiaThe Political Behavior 2.5 In accordance with RuleCHAPTER III FINAL3.1 Conclusion3.2 Advice, suggestions
CHAPTER IIINDONESIA'S POLITICAL SYSTEM
2.1 Definition of Political SystemIn general, the political activities related to public purposes. It could be argued that the political system is in citizenship activities to implement these goals. "David Easton" argues that the political system as the interaction abstracted from all social behavior that is ignored by authorities nilah to the public. Politics is a central concept:A. State (State)2. Power (Power)3. Decision Making4. Policy5. Division
Politics can also be interpreted as an interaction between the government and society in the framework of decision-making process and implementation.
2.2 StructureAccording to "Emmanuel Kart" is a state of political structures and relationships of an organization that make up the overall goals samsa.a. SuperstructurePolitical culture is represented by the political dynamics in government, for example: State Institutions. Superstructure is set in the 1945 Constitution. Political superstructure pemerntahan include: MPR Members of the Board President CPC MA House of Representatives and the President (Menjalangkan Legislative Power)
Out put function suprastructure Decision making by the legislature and the executive Implementation of the decision by the executive and bureaucracy Supervision of the implementation by the Judiciary
b. InfrastructureBelow the level of political culture is a component that affects the capacity and right to classify the residents. Infrastructure components are grouped as follows:a. Political Party (Political Party)b. Interest Groups (Interest Group)c. Political pressure groups (Presure Group)d. Political Communication Mediae. Political figures
2.3 Political System IndonesiaAccording to "Almond n Powell" can be categorized into three namely:A. Primitive system of intermittent2. Traditional and modern systemsAccording to "Alfian" the traditional system are grouped into four, namely:a. Uphold the authority ofb. Anarchyc. Democracyd. Democracy in transition
Some political systems in developing countries include:a. Traditional autocracy, namely: Good together The identity together The relationship of power
b. TotalitarianIe use force in politics. Totalitarian can be differentiated into 2 of the communist and fascist politics.By Carl J. Zbiegniew Freidriech and B is a hallmark of modernist dictator has:- Official Ideology- Supervision of government- Monopoly media in control by the authorities and parties- Centralized control over the bureaucracy- Kotrol tight against the military
3. System of DemocracyIs a system that maintains a balance between conflict and consensus. Only mentalist who does not destroy the mechanism of conflict.
4. Din system Developing CountriesThis political trial and erras implement a search system that fits in this system need to be a relationship that is casual and organic.
2.4 Dynamics of Political IndonesiaIn a review of theoretical understanding of politics is widely available. According to "Hoogowerf" is a business man not only passively adapt to changes in its environment, but by actively controls and directs the policies to the people.Politics is a process to determine and carry out the purpose of living together.Political dynamics of Indonesia is the political struggle of the substance in human embryonal. Political dynamics of Indonesia since independence until sekarangan terms of development can be divided into several phases:A. Phase of the war of independence (1945 - 1949)2. Phase RIS (1949)3. Phase of the Provisional Constitution (1950 - 1959)4. Phase of political democracy (1959 - 1965)5. Phase of the new order (1966 - 1998)6. Phase of reform
If a country wants a democratic government must pursue in order for HR to become the state controller.
2.5 The Political Behavior Rules MatchPolitical behavior is the behavior of people in terms of power. Basically there are five reasons are:A. Want to get material2. To pursue prestige3. Went along with friends4. Universal demands5. In accordance with the applicable rules
Political behavior is essentially individual, this can be seen from the nature of the motion as follows:a. Radical Political BehaviorRadical political currents in society who want change drastically in order to get the desired goals. Characteristic of the radical is more concerned with emotion than on rational so that the desired goals materialize.b. Liberal Political BehaviorThis behavior is more priority in the fight for liberty interests, but concentrated on the rules and always respect human rights.
c. ModerateModerate the behavior as much as possible to accommodate all interests and always avoid extreme behavior / central group and this group maintains the principle of accommodating and persuasive manner.
d. Political Behavior Qou StatusBehavior is to keep the power that had not separated.
e. Reactionary Political BehaviorPolitical behavior that is always put yourself in the contest with mass action, although not done by force.
f. Conservative Political BehaviorIs a political stance that wants a long tradition of stable and always avoid changes radically.
CHAPTER IIICLOSING
3.1 ConclusionFrom the above papers can be summarized as follows:A. Clear thinking about the political system and respond to the expressed aspirations of the people.2. Can understand and learn about political behavior in accordance with applicable rules.3. We can find some political systems.
3.2 Advice, suggestionsPossible from the above conclusion can be drawn one of the most important is the human need for Indonesia to have extensive knowledge in specific areas such as citizenship field to professional thinking. Because in this field to watch more.To the authors mekalah is far from perfection and for the improvement of this paper I expect criticism and suggestions. If there are errors in the writing language, or preparation of this paper I apologize profusely.We expect the final words of this paper may be useful to readers in general. Amien. . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES
Sudarso, H. , 2003. Political dynamics of Indonesia. London: The Eye Issue July 1, 2003.
Syachrir. Of 1999. Structure of Political Systems. New York: Airlangga.
1.1 BackgroundToday the political parties in Indonesia increasingly prevalent in the community. This proves that the political system in Indonesia has grown rapidly. In the history of Indonesia, the development of the political system is experiencing ups and downs.A political system is a container man and make participation in politics, politics has been running a long time since the founding of the Republic of Indonesia, this organization has existed even before independence, most people assume that politics is an organization that is not healthy, because it is expected through this paper we can know clearly about the political system in Indonesia.
1.2 Problem formulationTo know the purpose of discussion of the political system in Indonesia, then as in the preparation of the formulation are:A. What is the political system?2. Is the purpose of the political system?3. Are the elements of the political system?
1.3 Objectives DiscussionAn activity would be more useful if it has a purpose in this discussion include:A. To find out if called by the political system.2. To expand the knowledge of the political system, both the goals, implementation and political elements.3. Positive outlook on the future political system that can participate in it.
1.4 Confirmation of Title TermsIn preparing this paper, I gave the title "Political System in Indonesia" and the previous one by one author will outline the terms of the title as follows:- The system is an entity that contains the elements are bound together and organized whole.- Politics is a word with the status of the territory to the preservation and development.
1.5 Systematics of the discussionSystematics consists of:CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION1.1 Background1.2 Problem formulation1.3 Objectives Issues1.4 Confirmation of Title Terms1.5 Systematics DiscussionCHAPTER II THE POLITICAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA2.1 Definition of Political System2.2 Structurea. Superstructureb. Infrastructure2.3 System in World Politics2.4 Dynamics of Political IndonesiaThe Political Behavior 2.5 In accordance with RuleCHAPTER III FINAL3.1 Conclusion3.2 Advice, suggestions
CHAPTER IIINDONESIA'S POLITICAL SYSTEM
2.1 Definition of Political SystemIn general, the political activities related to public purposes. It could be argued that the political system is in citizenship activities to implement these goals. "David Easton" argues that the political system as the interaction abstracted from all social behavior that is ignored by authorities nilah to the public. Politics is a central concept:A. State (State)2. Power (Power)3. Decision Making4. Policy5. Division
Politics can also be interpreted as an interaction between the government and society in the framework of decision-making process and implementation.
2.2 StructureAccording to "Emmanuel Kart" is a state of political structures and relationships of an organization that make up the overall goals samsa.a. SuperstructurePolitical culture is represented by the political dynamics in government, for example: State Institutions. Superstructure is set in the 1945 Constitution. Political superstructure pemerntahan include: MPR Members of the Board President CPC MA House of Representatives and the President (Menjalangkan Legislative Power)
Out put function suprastructure Decision making by the legislature and the executive Implementation of the decision by the executive and bureaucracy Supervision of the implementation by the Judiciary
b. InfrastructureBelow the level of political culture is a component that affects the capacity and right to classify the residents. Infrastructure components are grouped as follows:a. Political Party (Political Party)b. Interest Groups (Interest Group)c. Political pressure groups (Presure Group)d. Political Communication Mediae. Political figures
2.3 Political System IndonesiaAccording to "Almond n Powell" can be categorized into three namely:A. Primitive system of intermittent2. Traditional and modern systemsAccording to "Alfian" the traditional system are grouped into four, namely:a. Uphold the authority ofb. Anarchyc. Democracyd. Democracy in transition
Some political systems in developing countries include:a. Traditional autocracy, namely: Good together The identity together The relationship of power
b. TotalitarianIe use force in politics. Totalitarian can be differentiated into 2 of the communist and fascist politics.By Carl J. Zbiegniew Freidriech and B is a hallmark of modernist dictator has:- Official Ideology- Supervision of government- Monopoly media in control by the authorities and parties- Centralized control over the bureaucracy- Kotrol tight against the military
3. System of DemocracyIs a system that maintains a balance between conflict and consensus. Only mentalist who does not destroy the mechanism of conflict.
4. Din system Developing CountriesThis political trial and erras implement a search system that fits in this system need to be a relationship that is casual and organic.
2.4 Dynamics of Political IndonesiaIn a review of theoretical understanding of politics is widely available. According to "Hoogowerf" is a business man not only passively adapt to changes in its environment, but by actively controls and directs the policies to the people.Politics is a process to determine and carry out the purpose of living together.Political dynamics of Indonesia is the political struggle of the substance in human embryonal. Political dynamics of Indonesia since independence until sekarangan terms of development can be divided into several phases:A. Phase of the war of independence (1945 - 1949)2. Phase RIS (1949)3. Phase of the Provisional Constitution (1950 - 1959)4. Phase of political democracy (1959 - 1965)5. Phase of the new order (1966 - 1998)6. Phase of reform
If a country wants a democratic government must pursue in order for HR to become the state controller.
2.5 The Political Behavior Rules MatchPolitical behavior is the behavior of people in terms of power. Basically there are five reasons are:A. Want to get material2. To pursue prestige3. Went along with friends4. Universal demands5. In accordance with the applicable rules
Political behavior is essentially individual, this can be seen from the nature of the motion as follows:a. Radical Political BehaviorRadical political currents in society who want change drastically in order to get the desired goals. Characteristic of the radical is more concerned with emotion than on rational so that the desired goals materialize.b. Liberal Political BehaviorThis behavior is more priority in the fight for liberty interests, but concentrated on the rules and always respect human rights.
c. ModerateModerate the behavior as much as possible to accommodate all interests and always avoid extreme behavior / central group and this group maintains the principle of accommodating and persuasive manner.
d. Political Behavior Qou StatusBehavior is to keep the power that had not separated.
e. Reactionary Political BehaviorPolitical behavior that is always put yourself in the contest with mass action, although not done by force.
f. Conservative Political BehaviorIs a political stance that wants a long tradition of stable and always avoid changes radically.
CHAPTER IIICLOSING
3.1 ConclusionFrom the above papers can be summarized as follows:A. Clear thinking about the political system and respond to the expressed aspirations of the people.2. Can understand and learn about political behavior in accordance with applicable rules.3. We can find some political systems.
3.2 Advice, suggestionsPossible from the above conclusion can be drawn one of the most important is the human need for Indonesia to have extensive knowledge in specific areas such as citizenship field to professional thinking. Because in this field to watch more.To the authors mekalah is far from perfection and for the improvement of this paper I expect criticism and suggestions. If there are errors in the writing language, or preparation of this paper I apologize profusely.We expect the final words of this paper may be useful to readers in general. Amien. . . . . . . . .
REFERENCES
Sudarso, H. , 2003. Political dynamics of Indonesia. London: The Eye Issue July 1, 2003.
Syachrir. Of 1999. Structure of Political Systems. New York: Airlangga.
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