paper on catfish

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
1.1 BackgroundIndonesia is a vast country rich in biodiversity, such as catfish (Clarias batrachus). Catfish aquaculture has been done by the community, especially with the rise of Public Enterprises in Daearh Pecel Lele around Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi (Greater Jakarta). Catfish has long been one of fishery commodities are very popular among the people.Prior to the 1990's, according to the public, catfish is a beast with a shape like mengelikan sular and living in a dirty place. But this time the prestige of the catfish to be rising. Catfish popularity not only domestically alone. According to news Fish Market (2006) that in Melbourne, Australia began to introduce Indonesia society komoditar teresbut the community.
1.2 ObjectivesThe purpose of writing this research report are:1) To find a good way to cultivate catfish.2) To learn how to obtain seeds.3) To determine the types of catfish4) Completing tasks Indonesian.
1.3 LimitationsAs we studied about the catfish is as follows:A. The types of catfish.2. Classification and dissemination of catfish.3. Catfish breeding.4. Habitat and behavior of catfish.5. Parent characteristics and ways of spawning.6. Way of stocking and harvest.
1.4 BenefitsThe benefits of this research is to increase our knowledge about Catfish Fish Farming. Fatherly and also provide information to the reader about the way catfish farming.
 CHAPTER IIBASIS OF THEORY
2.1 Basics of TheoryCatfish is one of the leading commodity. Business development can be done starting from seed to consumption size. Each segment is a very profitable business. In addition to local consumption, the market has started in export catfish and demand is quite large.The rate of increase in national consumption of catfish production gains of 18.3% per year. Catfish production in 1999 amounting to 24 991 tonnes in 2003 amounting to 57 740 tonnes of catfish production.Revalitas catfish up to the end of 2009 estimated production of 175,000 tons, an increase of an average of 21.64% per year.The level of demand is also increasing rapidly catfish seed. In 1999, it takes 156 million head in 2003, it takes 360 million head, while at the end of 2009 is expected to need 1.9 billion tails or increased by 46% per year.
2.2 Types of Cultivated LeleThis type of catfish is widely cultivated in Indonesia and found on the market today is fish African catfish (Clarias Gariepinus). In intensive aquaculture, catfish are encouraged to grow until it reaches the maximum optimal size. African catfish is a commodity that can be maintained with a solid high stocking density in a limited area (effective area) in the marginal areas and water saving. For the pool size of 15 m2 African catfish can be stocked as fry 5250. For 2, 5 months catfish can be produced as many as 450 kg with a value of FCR (Fed Caonversion Ratio) one.Meanwhile, local catfish (Clanius Batracus) are rare and seldom found because growth is slower than the African catfish. In general, the figure of the local catfish is similar to African catfish, just not as big as his size African catfish. In this paper we discussed a lot about the African catfish, in particular also hatcheries and rearing stage.

 CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the report the results of this study we used the literature to develop our reading of the literature.The definition of literature is the preparation method used to research by reading the literature about the object under study. From the literature, we can compile reports on the results of this study and know the ins and outs of starting a catfish farm to farm post-harvest handling. Besides, we also know about the properties and live catfish habitat.
 CHAPTER IVDATA ANALYSIS
4.1 Environment and The Marriage of CatfishAlthough we can find catfish farming techniques, but it is not optimal. Errors in the processing can be bad in the continuity of our efforts to cultivate catfish. ClassificationIn the classification, including family Clariide catfish, which is a type of fish that have a flattened head shape and has the additional breathing apparatus. The systematics and classification are as follows:- Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates nation)- Class: Pisces (breathing with gills)- Sub Class: Tekstol (hard bertulan fish)- Ordo: Ostariophysi (perus rongka fish have bones as part of the balance of the equipment that is called bone weber).- Sub Order: Silurodea (length of fish body shape is not scaly and slippery).- Genus: Clarias- Species: Clarias Sp

 Spread catfishCatfish are found in Africa and Southeast Asia. The mention of the name of catfish in various different countries, namely:- In Malaysia called: Keli- In Thailand called: Plamond- In Japan called: Catre Tang- In Africa called: Mali- In Sri Lanka called: Gura Magura- In the UK called: Ct Fish
 Anatomy's MorphologyGenerally, the catfish has a slimy body, not scaly, grouse and a mustache.
4.2 BreedingCatfish in natural spawning at the beginning of the rainy season. Memijahnya stimuli in nature is closely linked to the increased volume of water that normally occurs during the rainy season, and the availability of micro-organism (natural food), stimulated catfish spawn after heavy rain and the emergence of a fairly pungent smell of the soil (odor Ampo) consequently dry soil exposed to rain as well . Due to an increase in water depth, cat like mijah in the shade and protected. Catfish breed ovipar (external).At a local catfish hatchery pond can in two ways, namely by pairing and mass, local catfish will usually be loyal to a partner that is by putting a male and female catfish in a pond. With male or female cat that is ready to spawn, catfish will take turns to guard their eggs. Farmed catfish can be bred all year long as well-managed. Stimuli that do not use with harman but with clear pond, drying and filling and AMPA cause odor. Odors that stimulate the parent fish to spawn. Spawning can be done the afternoon or evening, after that day will be filled eggs Kakaban. Furthermore Kakaban transferred to new containers to be incubated until hatching sized seeds take to hatch approximately 24-40 hours. Larvae aged 1-9 days are still getting the feed from the yolk is still attached at the perunya. Then the silk worm larvae hereinafter.a. Superior type of catfish Lele DumboThis type of catfish is widely cultivated and dijumapi on the market today. While the local catfish are rarely seen due to slower growth than African catfish. Local differences in African catfish and catfish the size of Dumbo is larger than the local catfish. Comparison of the growth rate of African catfish and catfish local age of 2 days. African catfish from 1.2 to 39, while the local catfish from 0.2 to 29. Dumbo week old catfish 10-159, while the local catfish 1-159. Catfish SangkuriangOne of the leading varieties are the catfish sangkuriang dumbo. Lele sangkuriang a marriage between a female African catfish F2 to F6 male African catfish produce F2 male African catfish - 6. Then mated back with a female African catfish catfish sangkuriang resulting F2.The results of testing and research proven superior sangkuriang catfish species of the type of African catfish. But catfish sangkuriang still scarce in the market.
 Catfish pythonLele python is the result of a marriage between the female parent catfish former male African catfish Thailand with F6.Catfish superiority pihton faster growth, higher graduation rates and life are relatively resistant to the disease.
4.3 Habitat and BehaviorHabitat or the environment catfish are found in freshwater in lowland areas such as the former slightly brackish ponds. Many residents of this area pantura Java, West Java, such as Kendal are widely used for rearing catfish Dumbo. In nature many catfish live in rivers that flow is flowing slowly, and many also live in the reservoirs, ponds, swamps, and puddles of fresh water, such as pool and others. Because catfish like still water, such as the edge of the shallow and protected. Catfish have a habit of making holes in the banks of a river or pond.Catfish rarely reveal their activities during the day, catfish prefer a dark and shady places too deep. Because catfish nakturnal animals that had a tendency to move and feed at night. Catfish during the day chose to hide in dark places. Catfish can survive in the environment is relatively poor and very little oxygen content. However, the growth of catfish will be much healthier cepa tdan maintained of sufficient clean water sources, such as rivers, springs, irrigation canals, or water wells.
4.4 Eating HabitsCatfish in the habit of eating in the bottom waters or ponds. Catfish are carnivores (meat eaters). In their natural habitat, catfish eat worms, slugs of water, grubs, moths, insect larvae, water fleas, etc.. Additional food is good for catfish is a lot of animal protein. If a given feed contains a lot of slow-growing vegetable protein. Catfish are animals that like to eat its own kind (cannibalism) when catfish feed shortage. Therefore do not be late to feed the cannibalistic nature of timbula also because of differences in size.
 4.5 Preparation of the MasterFemale parent must be maintained separately in a separate pool with the male parent. Special pool aims to accelerate the maturity of the gonads. Deviation of the parent who has mated, and simplify the management, control and prevent the occurrence of spawning outside the will of the caretaker. The characteristics of female and male parent catfish are ready pijah.
The characteristics of the male and femaleParent female fish male- Stomach dilated / distended and feel soft when touched.- The movement is slow and benign.- Genitalia rounded, reddish and swollen.- The color changed to reddish-brown body.- If the stomach is sometimes sorted out the amber-colored liquid. - Genitals red.- The genitals seem clear and pointed.- Body slender and agile movements.- There are changes in skin color becomes reddish brown.

 4.6 PemberokanPemberokan is a stage in the spawning is done to satisfy when the parent fish were selected and completed before dipijahkan 1-2 days. Pemberokan male and female parent must be in containers terpidah.Pemberokan function is to eliminate stress at the time of arrest. Besides reducing the fat content in the gonad and to convince the female parent selection.Upon maturity of the parent diberok examined restoring female catfish, if the mother becomes a flat stomach, then bloated because of the food was not because of the egg.
4.7 Hatchery and Spawning MethodSeeding is the attempt to produce fish (catfish) at a certain size. To support the required pond catfish hatchery spawning, hatching and swimming like a nursery. Here are some alternative kinds of container / pond spawning, hatching eggs, and nursery that can be used by the farmers. Swimming SpawningSpawning pond is a special pool for the parent who will spawn. The pond is used for the breeding of catfish cement tanks, plastic sheeting and fiberglass tub.
 A. Bak CementTub size for a pair of parent spawning catfish will dipijahkan ie 1 mx 2 m by 0.8 m high tub. Prior to use, like spawning should be cleaned and dried. Furthermore tub filled with clear water and bersihg as high as 40 - 50 cm.2. Bak Plastic SheetingProcurement tarp lebihmudah compared with the manufacture of cement tub. How to make it by compiling a number of brick or brick around the edge of the plastic. Tub size tarps for spawning the width of 1 m, length 2 m, and height 0.8 m. Size is used for holding a pair of catfish will dipijahkan.3. FaberglassFaberglass size for spawning catfish, that is 1 mx 2 m, and height 0.8 m. The size of the tub can be used for spawning a pair of parent catfish. Fiberglass tub quite practical because of its location can be moved around, but the price is still too expensive. Bak HatchingThe container can be a catfish hatchery tank, cement tanks, like plastic sheeting, fiberglass and equipped with a generator to supply dissolved oxygen. But the object of catfish farms in our study using a measure of cement tanks bathtub penetasannya 1 mx 2 m by 0.8 m high tub.
 CHAPTER VSpreading AND HARVESTING
5.1 Spreading SeedsDidederkan catfish can seed already in the tub or the open after 3-week-old seedlings. When the stocking of fish pond water level of about 20-30 cm, because the seeds are still small.Way of stocking of catfish is by way of acclimatization which contains the seeds Farewell catfish and put it slowly, after which it was adapted seeds, the seeds fall off by itself. Seed densities ranging from 300-600 tail / m2.Once the seeds are in the pool, fed catfish seed powder palette with a minimum protein content of 40% (Charoen Pokphand Code 581). After a rather large seeds, feeding a small palette-shaped granules with a protein content of 38% FF code 999. The larger body size and mouth openings. The larger the size of feed, feeding frequency, the small catfish are still 4-5 times a day, ie morning, noon, afternoon and evening.5.2 Seed HarvestingLong catfish seed nursery to produce seedlings ready terbar catfish (ukurang 5-7 cm / tail) approximately 5-6 weeks. Harvesting the seeds can be carried out Tuesday afternoon when the temperature is not too hot.Harvesting by reducing the water slowly until the water is at kemalir. Disurutkan water slowly until the water may accumulate in the puddle near the door spending. Harvesting is done by gradually using seser fine. Keep the seed of catfish does not hurt. At the time of harvesting the seed size range 5-7 cm / tail.
5.3 How to Harvest Catfish Enlargement ResultsWay consumption depends on the size of the harvest catfish pond system. If the pool cement pipes commonly used models of rocking or Sipon system.Mechanism of action such as piping systems U. system facilitates the replacement of the water, the tube of plastic gutter with a diameter 3-4 inches. Used to adjust the height of the water as well as maintenance of drainage when harvesting.The stages:1) Remove the plastic gutter pipe that connects to a horizontal sewer drain.2) Attach a wire mesh strainer or plastic gutter at the end of the inside of the drain so that catfish do not go with the flow.3) Stop the drain if water levels reach 20-30 cm.4) Take the cat to use the net / seser.5) Enter the Krak catfish in the bucket (bucket cavities).6) Remove and put into storage bucket.7) Sort again based on the desired size catfish (8-12 fish / kg), then weigh it and put it into the transport container.8) Maintain back berukurang catfish small to reach market size.9) Make it big as a yearling catfish berukurang or sell to a fishing spot.
5.4 Ways of Agribusiness LeleMarket and business venture was a huge catfish. This can be seen with the proliferation of catfish pecel shop business. However, such a high desire for agribusiness catfish are often not accompanied by an appropriate strategy. Not infrequently the capital has been invested out of debt and even add a bit. The success of a fishery agribusiness requires a deep and comprehensive knowledge between technical and non technical terms in catfish farming.
 CHAPTER VICLOSING
6.1 ConclusionOnce we know the catfish farming technology, now comes the final chapter on the analysis of catfish farming. Catfish have been cultivated by the people of Indonesia. This was driven by the increasing number of shops opened pecel catfish. Increasingly pecel catfish enthusiasts is increasing, it is probably because pecel catfish taste very delicious. Whereas prior to the 1990's people thought that the catfish as a ridiculous beast. But at this point the situation changed. Prestige of catfish to be increased, even according to the Fish Market News (2006) in Melbourne Australia that the people of Indonesia have started to introduce these commodities in the community.
6.2 AdviceWe as the authors are well aware that research is still very far from perfect. Thus the author is hoping for more research on catfish aquaculture. We sincerely hope that the catfish farming can continue to be preserved.
 REFERENCES
Mahyudi, Kholis, S.Pi, MM. Complete submission of Agribusiness Lele. New York: Governmental spreader. 2004Mahyudi, Kholis, S.Pi, MM. Hatchery techniques Lele Dumbo. New York: Governmental spreader. 2004